How do you ensure gRPC services are highly available and fault-tolerant in a distributed system?

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gRPC & tRPC Interview Questions

  1. [JUNIOR] What is gRPC and what does it stand for?
  2. [JUNIOR] What are Protocol Buffers and why does gRPC use them for serialization?
  3. [JUNIOR] What is tRPC and what problem does it solve?
  4. [MID] How does bidirectional streaming work in gRPC and what are its use cases?
  5. [JUNIOR] What are the four types of RPC calls supported by gRPC?
  6. [JUNIOR] What is the difference between gRPC and REST APIs?
  7. [JUNIOR] How does tRPC achieve end-to-end type safety without code generation?
  8. [JUNIOR] What role does Zod play in tRPC for input validation?
  9. [JUNIOR] What are the key differences between gRPC and tRPC?
  10. [MID] How does gRPC handle deadlines and timeouts, and what is deadline propagation?
  11. [MID] What are gRPC interceptors and how can they be used for cross-cutting concerns?
  12. [MID] How do you implement authentication and authorization in gRPC services?
  13. [MID] How does Protocol Buffers handle schema evolution and backward compatibility?
  14. [MID] How does tRPC integrate with TanStack React Query on the client side?
  15. [SENIOR] How would you implement load balancing for gRPC services and what strategies are available?
  16. [SENIOR] What are the limitations of tRPC and when is it not the right choice for a project?
  17. [JUNIOR] What is a .proto file and how is it used to define gRPC services?
  18. [JUNIOR] What is HTTP/2 and why does gRPC use it instead of HTTP/1.1?
  19. [JUNIOR] What is the difference between a query and a mutation in tRPC?
  20. [JUNIOR] What is a procedure in tRPC and how does it relate to an API endpoint?
  21. [MID] How does gRPC handle errors and what are rich error details using google.rpc.Status?
  22. [MID] What is gRPC metadata and how is it used to pass additional information between client and server?
  23. [MID] What is gRPC reflection and why is it useful for debugging and tooling?
  24. [MID] What is context in tRPC and how is it used to share data across procedures?
  25. [MID] How does tRPC handle input validation and what happens when validation fails?
  26. [MID] What are tRPC middleware and how do they modify context before a procedure executes?
  27. [MID] How does automatic request batching work in tRPC?
  28. [MID] When would you choose gRPC over tRPC and vice versa for a new project?
  29. [SENIOR] How do you handle versioning of gRPC APIs in a system with multiple clients and services?
  30. [SENIOR] What are the challenges of using gRPC in a microservices architecture and how do you address them?
  31. [SENIOR] How do you integrate gRPC services with a service mesh like Istio or Envoy?
  32. [SENIOR] How do you monitor, trace, and debug gRPC services in a production environment?
  33. [SENIOR] How would you implement authentication and authorization middleware in a tRPC application?
  34. [SENIOR] How do you implement server-side rendering with tRPC in a Next.js application?
  35. [JUNIOR] What is a gRPC stub and what role does it play in client-server communication?
  36. [JUNIOR] What are gRPC status codes and how do they differ from HTTP status codes?
  37. [JUNIOR] What is a router in tRPC and how are procedures organized within it?
  38. [MID] What are gRPC channels and how do they manage connections?
  39. [MID] How does gRPC handle message compression?
  40. [MID] How does gRPC support cross-language development and what are the trade-offs?
  41. [MID] What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous gRPC calls?
  42. [MID] How does tRPC handle error formatting and custom error responses?
  43. [MID] What are tRPC subscriptions and how do they enable real-time updates?
  44. [MID] What adapters does tRPC support and how do they integrate with different backend frameworks?
  45. [SENIOR] How do you implement retry policies and hedging strategies in gRPC?
  46. [SENIOR] What strategies would you use for migrating an existing REST API to gRPC?
  47. [SENIOR] How do you test gRPC services effectively, including unit and integration testing?
  48. [SENIOR] How would you incrementally migrate an existing REST API to tRPC?
  49. [SENIOR] How do you design caching strategies when using tRPC with React Query?
  50. [SENIOR] How can gRPC and tRPC coexist in the same architecture and when does this make sense?
  51. [MID] What is gRPC-Web and when would you use it?
  52. [MID] What are the differences between gRPC and Apache Thrift?
  53. [MID] What are tRPC links and how do they form the client request pipeline?
  54. [SENIOR] How do you manage long-lived gRPC streams and handle reconnection gracefully?
  55. [SENIOR] How do you handle large payloads in gRPC when Protocol Buffers have message size limits?
  56. [SENIOR] What is the gRPC Gateway and how does it enable REST clients to consume gRPC services?
  57. [SENIOR] How do gRPC and tRPC compare to GraphQL for different API use cases?
  58. [EXPERT] How does gRPC manage flow control at the HTTP/2 level and what are the implications for streaming?
  59. [EXPERT] How do the type safety mechanisms differ between gRPC's code generation approach and tRPC's TypeScript inference approach?
  60. [EXPERT] What are the performance tuning techniques for high-throughput gRPC services at scale?
  61. [EXPERT] How does gRPC handle resource cleanup for streaming RPCs and what happens when streams are interrupted?
  62. [EXPERT] How do you ensure gRPC services are highly available and fault-tolerant in a distributed system?
  63. [EXPERT] How does tRPC's type inference mechanism work under the hood using TypeScript's conditional and mapped types?
  64. [EXPERT] How would you design a tRPC architecture that supports both server-side rendering and client-side data fetching with optimal caching?
  65. [EXPERT] How would you design a gRPC-based system for cross-language polyglot microservices with shared proto definitions?
  66. [EXPERT] What are the differences between gRPC C-core and language-native implementations and how do they affect performance?
  67. [EXPERT] How would you expose a tRPC API as a public REST or OpenAPI endpoint for external consumers?
  68. [EXPERT] How does tRPC compare to alternatives like oRPC for contract-first API development?